Countries often form relationships with other countries for mutual defense, for trade in goods, to solve global problems, and even to learn from each other culturally. These relationships may be formal alliances sealed with a treaty or more temporary trade partnerships to buy and sell products. Sometimes these relationships are beneficial to all involved and sometimes the rewards are unbalanced. Some treaties are made under duress, like at the end of an armed conflict or with threat of a future one.
While alliances may offer strength in numbers, they can prompt the creation of rival alliances. For example, in the late 1940’s, the forming of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) gave rise to the Warsaw Pact. The G7 countries, an informal forum of seven historically major industrial world leaders, are now countered by BRICS, an intergovernmental organization of emerging market economies. At times these competing alliances will attempt to enlarge their spheres of influence by expanding membership of their organization. Non member countries are enticed to pick a side with offerings of economic aid, military protection, or humanitarian assistance. One of the intents, either explicitly or implicitly, of adding more players to each team is to intimidate the other side. Another intent is to ensure a powerful position in the world economy, especially in terms of access to natural resources. Recent polling shows Americans are increasingly wary of international engagement, marking a shift from the attitudes of previous decades.
This week’s current event examines some major international alliances and features articles and editorials on the shifts in power among these groups. Recent developments include North Korea’s entrance into Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Iran entering the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah, and China’s dominance over minerals needed for renewable energy industries. The Evaluating a Source lesson we created asks students to critically analyze a video on the ‘Liberal World Order’ for accuracy, tone, and other important tools of media literacy.
Essential Questions:
- Essential Question #1 – What are the pros and cons of international alliances between nations?
- Essential Questions #2 – To what extent is isolation possible in the modern world?
- Essential Questions #3 – What type of alliances make the most sense to you: military, political, economic, environmental, cultural, or a combination?
- Essential Question #4 – How effective have international organizations been at keeping the world free of wars and economic depressions like those in the early 20th century?
- Essential Question #5 – In your opinion, what international alliances should the USA prioritize at present?
Vocabulary:
- Alliance – a formal agreement between two or more nations, often with promises of mutual military protection
- Partnership – a relationship between nations, perhaps short-term and without a formal treaty
- Treaty – a binding agreement between nations which becomes part of international law, and under the umbrella of the US Constitution’s ‘supreme law of the land’
- Multilateral – agreed upon or participated in by three or more parties, especially the governments of different countries.
- Bilateral – involving two parties, especially countries.
Videos:
Podcasts:
- The Peril of American Neglect in the Pacific, The Truth of the Matter, October 15, 202
- Is America Becoming Isolationist?, Foreign Policy Live, March 1, 2024
- Rethinking U.S.-Africa Strategy, Into Africa, August 22, 2024
Background Resources:
- Alliances vs. Partnerships, US Department of Defense
- Six Essential International Organizations You Need to Know, Council on Foreign Relations
- International alliances and their members, World Data
- What are the 4 Types of Foreign Policy and How Are They Pursued?, ND International Security Center, 2023
- What Are Americans’ Top Foreign Policy Priorities? Pew Research, April 23, 2024
- What Is the BRICS Group and Why Is It Expanding? Council on Foreign Relations, October 18, 2024
- Russia-North Korea Relations, Congressional Research Service, October 30, 2024
Recent Articles:
- Russia ratifies North Korea pact after US says up to 10,000 North Korean troops deployed to Kursk, AP, November 6, 2024
- North Korean Troops in Russia Show Putin Is Doubling Down on Ukraine War, US Institute of Peace, October 29, 2024
- Putin hosts growing BRICS alliance in Russia, touting it as an alternative to the West’s “perverse methods”, CBS News, October 24, 2024
- Iran’s supreme leader threatens Israel, U.S. with ‘crushing response’ to Israeli attack, NPR, November 2, 2024
- Donald Trump’s Election Win Leaves NATO Facing ‘Immediate Crisis’, Newsweek, November 6, 2024
- ‘Great powers don’t mind their own business’: Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice warns of perils of US isolationism at Notre Dame Forum event, Notre Dame News, October 16, 2024
- The strategies driving the players in competition for Africa’s critical minerals, Atlantic Council, September 9, 2024
Recent Editorials:
- What has NATO’s ‘expansion’ vaunted by secretary general brought?, Global Times, September 21, 2024
- A Russia–North Korea Alliance in the Works? Don’t Be So Sure, RAND, October 11, 2024
- What Trump’s victory means for Ukraine, the Middle East, China and the rest of the world, The Conversation, November 6, 2024
- What Trump’s win means for Ukraine, Middle East and China, BBC, November 7, 2024
- With Trump, ‘America First’ is back. US allies brace for a shock, Christian Science Monitor, November 7, 2024
Lesson Plans:
- Evaluating a Source Liberal World Order Video, Civics Learning Project
- NATO and the War in Ukraine, The Choices Program
- Unit: International Affairs, iCivics
Resources for Younger Students:
- What are Treaties and Alliances and How Do They Work? National Museum of American Diplomacy, 2023
- Countries of the World, Globe Trottin’ Kids
- Trade and Interdependence Among Countries for Kids, Reading Readiness Centers