Who defends the country when there’s a threat? Should nations have standing armies at the ready or should they wait and recruit people upon attack? Should military service be voluntary or compulsory? Should women be drafted as societies seek gender equality?
These considerations are weighed every time there is a new danger. Many countries’ policies on conscription change in times of emergency when volunteers aren’t enough to meet the demand for soldiers. Democratic countries have to balance individual freedom with the need for national security in the decision to mandate military service.
At present, Russia’s attack on Ukraine has European countries reviving conscription or at least reviving the conversation of a draft. In Israel, the need for soldiers recently prompted members of Parliament to consider drafting a previously exempt religious sect. And in Myanmar, conscription is a last ditch attempt to put down anti government uprisings.
In the United States, the Constitution provides Congress the power to draft an army in Article 1, Section 8, Clause 12, “[The Congress shall have Power . . . ] To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; . . .” The United States hasn’t drafted soldiers since the Vietnam War, but recruitment numbers are down. In order for the military to truly represent the country, should a more representative portion of the population be serving? As technology changes warfare, could physical requirements for soldiers change as well?
This collection of sources examine all these issues and more as our modern world seeks to adapt military service to changing circumstances.
Essential Questions:
- Is military service a duty or a job?
- How does conscription vary country to country?
- To what extent do governments have the right to require military service?
- How has the requirement of military service changed throughout US History?
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of a volunteer military?
Videos:
Podcasts:
- Bring Back the Draft, Hear Me Out, Sept 19, 2023
- Building a Conscription Society, Citizens in Training, 2018
- The Debate in Israel Over Who Should Be Required Serve in the Military, The State of the World, April 17, 2024
Background Resources:
- Countries with Mandatory Military Service 2024 , World Population Review (Map)
- The State Of Military Conscription Around The World, Statista, 2023
- The Constitution, Article 1, Section 8, Clause 12, The Constitution Annotated, 2024
- Conscientious Objection to Military Service, Free Speech Center, 2024
- Military Naturalization Statistics, US Citizenship and Immigration Services
Recent Articles:
- Russia’s neighbours urge Nato allies to bring back military service, BBC, April 3, 2024
- Map Shows NATO Members With Military Conscription, Newsweek, April 4, 2024
- The issue of women and conscription, The Week, April 15, 2024
- The Uncertain Future of the U.S. Military’s All-Volunteer Force, Council on Foreign Relations, 2023
- Ukrainian President Zelenskyy signs controversial law to boost conscription to fend off Russia’s aggression, Reuters, April 16, 2024
- In Ukraine’s West, Draft Dodgers Run, and Swim, to Avoid the War, NY Times, April 13, 2024
- Hundreds of ultra-Orthodox block Route 4 in protest against IDF conscription, The Times of Israel, April 1, 2024
- Facing setbacks against resistance forces, Myanmar’s military government activates conscription law, AP, Feb 12, 2024
Recent Editorials:
- We Need a Limited Military Draft, Military.com, July 29, 2023
- Why we need a mandatory year of service, The Hill, July 26, 2023
- Should Young Americans Be Required to Give a Year of Service? NYTimes, 2021
- Black Americans are much more likely to serve the nation, in military and civilian roles, Brookings Institute, 2020
Lesson Plans:
- Military Service – Top 3 Pros and Cons, Britannica ProCon
- The Selective Service Act and History of Military Conscription in the US, CSPAN Classroom
- A Different Kind of Lottery: Understanding the Draft During the Vietnam War, PBS Learning Media
- Selective Service System Teacher’s Guide, SSS.gov
- SERVICE AND CITIZENSHIP LESSON PLAN, The John Hope Franklin Center at Duke
- National Service Lesson Plan, Deliberating in a Democracy in the Americas, 2011
Resources for Younger Students:
- Should we have mandatory military service?, PBS, July 30, 2018
- Armed Forces Day: Explaining The U.S. Military Branches For Kids, NBC News
- Who’s Buried at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier? Arlington National Cemetery